Pegylation may reduce immune response to a foreign body. In this case, Pegylated MGF peptide may increase the compound’s half-life in blood by reducing kidney clearance. Because MGF has a short lifespan in blood, PEG MGF peptide is an existing compound. Although MGF has been suggested to survive more extended periods in muscle tissues, it is considered to have a short life span.

Research

Pegylated MGF and Skeletal Muscles

According to research in mouse models with a muscular injury, the Mechano Growth Factor may protect the myoblasts by reducing the expression of certain inflammatory hormones and decreasing oxidative stress.^[2] Research by Sun et al. suggests that MGF may regulate muscle inflammation and enhance macrophage and neutrophil recruitment to the injury site.^[3]

A study by an international group of endocrinology researchers suggested that MGF activates the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors in the same way as IGF-1.^[4] Better energy homeostasis, enhanced lean body mass, and reduced cell aging may result from activating the IGF-1 receptor, suggesting that Pegylated MGF peptide may produce an action similar to to IGF-1. The product may be a net increase in lean body mass, increased fat metabolism, and activated muscle repair. Physical output in mice, according to research, may exhibit up to a 25% increase in mean muscle fiber size following MGF exposure.^[5]

Pegylated MGF and Bone

Pegylated MGF has shown promise in bone repair rate in rabbits by reportedly increasing osteoblast proliferation during the course of scientific study in a laboratory. Osteoprogenitor cells may stimulate and secrete bone matrix, and participate in bone mineralization (bone tissue formation).

Pegylated MGF and the Heart

Research findings from the University of Illinois, Department of Bioengineering suggest that MGF may ameliorate apoptosis by cardiac muscle cells following hypoxia.^[6] Pegylated MGF peptide may recruit cardiac stem cells to the injury site and might induce healing and regeneration following cardiac arrest.

Research has also suggested that localized MGF might improve cardiac function by reducing pathologic hypertrophy.^[7] Scientists suggested improved hemodynamics and low cardiac remodeling rates in remodeling mice compared to mice without MGF exposure. A study by Carpenter et al. suggested that MGF in the disease condition of acute myocardial infarction might induce cardiomyocyte injury reduction by approximately 35%.

Pegylated MGF peptide appears to promote osteogenic differentiation and the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in periodontal ligament samples. These factors may enable the repair of ligaments attached end to end. They may proffer surrogate extractions and implants following damage.

Pegylated MGF and Neuroprotection

A study reviewed by Alexander Walker, Editorial Assistant at BioMed Central, explored the long-term action of enhanced MGF levels in the central nervous system and brain.^[8] The study suggested that high MGF levels may reduce the effects of age-dependent neuron degeneration. This study suggested that cognitive functions maintained peak performance over a prolonged duration. According to the editorial assistant, “MGF potency [may be] age-dependent”.

Mice models of ALS exposed to MGF exhibited better muscle weakness and decrease the loss of motor neurons. Dłużniewska et al. suggest that MGF expression may naturally take place in the brain following hypoxic injury and may be over-expressed in regions of the brain where neuron regeneration is highest.^[9] Exogenous MGF might limit the impact of numerous neurological diseases by preventing neuron death in the spinal cord and brain despite the ongoing disease condition.

Pegylated MGF and Cartilage

Research suggests that MGF may improve chondrocyte functions—cells that regulate cartilage deposition. Mice model research suggest that MGF may increase chondrocyte migration from bone to cartilage where they impact. Research in this area is ongoing.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing.  Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law.  All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

References

1. Kandalla PK, Goldspink G, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V. Mechano Growth Factor E peptide (MGF-E), derived from an isoform of IGF-1, activates human muscle progenitor cells and induces an increase in their fusion potential at different ages. Mech Ageing Dev. 2011 Apr;132(4):154-62. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.02.007. Epub 2011 Feb 25. PMID: 21354439.
2. Zabłocka B, Goldspink PH, Goldspink G, Górecki DC. Mechano-Growth Factor: an important cog or a loose screw in the repair machinery? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012 Nov 1;3:131. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00131. PMID: 23125840; PMCID: PMC3485521.
3. Sun KT, Cheung KK, Au SWN, Yeung SS, Yeung EW. Overexpression of Mechano-Growth Factor Modulates Inflammatory Cytokine Expression and Macrophage Resolution in Skeletal Muscle Injury. Front Physiol. 2018 Jul 26;9:999. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00999. PMID: 30140235; PMCID: PMC6094977.
4. Janssen JA, Hofland LJ, Strasburger CJ, van den Dungen ES, Thevis M. Potency of Full-Length MGF to Induce Maximal Activation of the IGF-I R Is Similar to Recombinant Human IGF-I at High Equimolar Concentrations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 18;11(3):e0150453. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150453. PMID: 26991004; PMCID: PMC4798685.
5. Goldspink G. Research on mechano growth factor: its potential for optimising physical training as well as misuse in doping. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Nov;39(11):787-8; discussion 787-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015826. PMID: 16244184; PMCID: PMC1725070.
6. Carpenter V, Matthews K, Devlin G, Stuart S, Jensen J, Conaglen J, Jeanplong F, Goldspink P, Yang SY, Goldspink G, Bass J, McMahon C. Mechano-growth factor reduces loss of cardiac function in acute myocardial infarction. Heart Lung Circ. 2008 Feb;17(1):33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2007.04.013. Epub 2007 Jun 19. PMID: 17581790.
7. Peña JR, Pinney JR, Ayala P, Desai TA, Goldspink PH. Localized delivery of mechano-growth factor E-domain peptide via polymeric microstructures improves cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Biomaterials. 2015 Apr;46:26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.050. Epub 2015 Jan 16. PMID: 25678113; PMCID: PMC4328136.
8. Tang JJ, Podratz JL, Lange M, Scrable HJ, Jang MH, Windebank AJ. Mechano growth factor, a splice variant of IGF-1, promotes neurogenesis in the aging mouse brain. Mol Brain. 2017 Jul 7;10(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s13041-017-0304-0. PMID: 28683812; PMCID: PMC5501366.
9. Dluzniewska J, Sarnowska A, Beresewicz M, Johnson I, Srai SK, Ramesh B, Goldspink G, Górecki DC, Zabłocka B. A strong neuroprotective effect of the autonomous C-terminal peptide of IGF-1 Ec (MGF) in brain ischemia. FASEB J. 2005 Nov;19(13):1896-8. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-3786fje. Epub 2005 Sep 6. PMID: 16144956.

The Distinctions Between GHK-Cu and GHK Basic

GHK and GHK-cu may potentially influence genes responsible for stress response and tissue remodeling. Collagen molecules and the SPARC protein house the GHK sequence; injuries caused by protein breakdown may cause GHK to be released. Copper is considered to be an essential molecule. It is a transitional element required by all eukaryotic organisms, including microbes. In its reduced Cu (I) form, copper may be an essential co-factor in many biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. Copper oxidation is considered necessary for robust enzyme functions such as antioxidant defense, blood clotting, cellular respiration, connective tissue formation, and detoxification. Furthermore, copper is deemed essential for neurotransmission, embryonic development, iron metabolism, oxygenation, and most biological processes.

GHK Basic Peptide and DNA

Repair of DNA genes occurs primarily in young cells, however DNA damage accumulates. Rejuvenating the actions of DNA repair genes may help to slow cell aging and death.

GHK Basic Peptide and Fibrinogen Synthesis

Fibrinogen consists of alpha, beta, and gamma polypeptide chains. The beta chain gene of fibrinogen is considered to be highly suppressed. In the absence of sufficient fibrinogen, fibrinogen may halt because equal amounts of the three polypeptide chains may sufficiently produce fibrinogen. Furthermore, through its interaction with fibrinogen genes, GHK might inhibit fibrinogen synthesis by suppressing the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), the primary regulator of fibrinogen production.^[2] GHK may inhibit IL-6 secretion in skin fibroblasts and IL-6 gene expression in SZ95 sebocytes in cell culture systems. GHK’s potential on the fibrinogen gene and IL-6 secretion has been suggested to wholly suppress fibrinogen synthesis.

GHK Basic and Ubiquitin/Proteasome System (UPS)

GHK might activate the ubiquitin and proteasome system (UPS), which may remove damaged proteins. The activation and stimulation of the UPS may mitigate the cell aging and death. GHK may stimulate the gene expression of 41 UPS genes while suppressing the face of one UPS gene.

The Antioxidant Effect

GHK basic peptide appears to function as an antioxidant by activating 14 antioxidant genes while suppressing two pro-oxidant genes. GHK may potentially reduce free radicals and toxic end products of lipid peroxidation.

GHK Basic Peptide and Tissue Repair

GHK might repair tissue damage, making it the peptide’s most studied function. According to research, GHK activities on tissue repair may be seen in follicles, skin, GI tract, and the lining of the intestine. GHK basic peptide, according to Campbell et al., may reset the gene expression of fibroblasts from research models of COPD into the category of tissue repair by the TGF beta superfamily.^[3] According to Campbell et al., GHK appears to directly stimulate TGF beta and other members of the TGF family that may activate the repair process.

GHK Basic Peptide and Cancer

Cancer suppression may require DNA repair genes, caspases, and growth regulatory genes. In 2010, Hong et al. suggested 54 genes associated with aggressive, metastatic colon cancer.^[4] The results suggested that two skin remodeling and wound healing molecules, GHK and securinine, may potentially significantly change the gene expressions and may have a impact in cases of metastasis.

GHK Basic Peptide and Insulin

Scientists view the insulin family as a negative controller of cell longevity; abnormally high insulin levels and insulin-like proteins may reduce cell lifespan. GHK appears to activate three insulin genes and suppress six others in the system. Furthermore, many organisms’ insulin/IGF-1 receptor pathway may contribute to cell aging. Studies suggest that mutations that reduce insulin/IGF-1 signaling may slow the degenerative cell aging process as reportedly observed in certain mice models.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing.  Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law.  All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

References

1. Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L, Morton J, Ladiges W. The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide. Aging Pathobiol Ther. 2020 Mar 27;2(1):58-61. doi: 10.31491/apt.2020.03.014. PMID: 35083444; PMCID: PMC8789089.
2. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jul 7;19(7):1987. doi: 10.3390/ijms19071987. PMID: 29986520; PMCID: PMC6073405.
3. Campbell JD, McDonough JE, Zeskind JE, Hackett TL, Pechkovsky DV, Brandsma CA, Suzuki M, Gosselink JV, Liu G, Alekseyev YO, Xiao J, Zhang X, Hayashi S, Cooper JD, Timens W, Postma DS, Knight DA, Lenburg ME, Hogg JC, Spira A. A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK. Genome Med. 2012 Aug 31;4(8):67. doi: 10.1186/gm367. PMID: 22937864; PMCID: PMC4064320.
4. Hong Y, Downey T, Eu KW, Koh PK, Cheah PY. A ‘metastasis-prone’ signature for early-stage mismatch-repair proficient sporadic colorectal cancer patients and its implications for possible therapeutics. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010 Feb;27(2):83-90. doi: 10.1007/s10585-010-9305-4. Epub 2010 Feb 9. PMID: 20143136.

Chonluten peptide has been researched as a potential geroprotective agent that may slow cell aging. It has also been suggested to hold anti-inflammatory characteristics in the lungs, possibly modulating mucosal function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Tripeptides in Bioregulatory Processes

Several small di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides have been suggested in animal studies to inhibit the spontaneous development of tumors by up to 40%.^[2] When combined with the rate at which biomarkers decline, scientists believe these tripeptides may potentially control gene expression and cellular processes such as apoptosis.

Studies have suggested that short peptides may control aspects of gene expression and epigenetic DNA methylation.^[3] These findings indicate that a single short peptide may modulate genes by edging the cytoplasmic (cell) and nuclear membranes to bind to DNA at the promoter, suppressor, and other DNA control turfs using a simple docking method.

Chonluten Peptide and Gene Expression in the Lungs

Chonluten peptide may potentially modify DNA expression to stabilize mucosa in the bronchi. The mucosa of the bronchi is considered to act as a barrier between external threats, cardiovascular inner chambers, and the rest of the organisms’ systems. Different inflammatory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may alter and damage the mucosa and cardiovascular chambers, resulting in changes in mucus secretion and extracellular matrix structure.

Chonluten’s mechanism of action has been hypothesized by researchers to be mediated by genes such as c-Fos, the shock protein gene HSP70, SOD, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and antioxidant system genes. The anti-inflammatory action of gene regulation, such as c-Fos, are of interest. The c-Fos protein is a proto-oncogene considered to be activated by depolarization in some neurons. As it may be identified using immunohistochemical techniques, its expression might be a marker for neuronal activity throughout the neuraxis due to peripheral stimulation. The c-Fos protein, activated in response to hypoxia and cellular damage, may be a regulator of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Given that the protein’s local impact might benefit angiogenesis and cell proliferation following injury, widespread protein expression may potentially cause bronchial mucosa thickening and even cancer development. As a result, one of the possible pathophysiological changes in COPD and asthma is the ability to control c-Fos activities and expression.

Chonluten Peptide and the Gastrointestinal Tract

Chonluten’s potential impact on the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) may be nearly identical to those in the lungs. According to research, the peptide might reduce inflammation and vascular changes in the GI tract due to potential prevalence of inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.^[4] According to Khavinson et al. “The development of gastric ulcer is associated with morphological and molecular changes resulting from modulation of the synthesis of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins. Peptide T-34 normalizes the synthesis of these proteins by regulating the expression of the corresponding genes.” Chonluten peptide research is ongoing.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing.  Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law.  All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

References

1. Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE, Giambuzzi G, Marino A, Mironova E, Pulcini R, Robuffo I, Bologna G, Simeone P, Lanuti P, Guarnieri S, Trofimova S, Procopio AD, Toniato E. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 25;23(7):3607. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073607. PMID: 35408963; PMCID: PMC8999041.
2. Anisimov, V. N. “Evolution of concepts in gerontology and physiological mechanisms of aging.” Molekulyarnye i fiziologicheskie mekhanizmy stareniya (Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Aging) Nauka, St Petersburg vol 1, parts 1–3, 49–95, 269–378. 2008.
3. Khavinson VK, Lin’kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 Dec;162(2):288-292. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3596-7. Epub 2016 Dec 1. PMID: 27909961.
4. Khavinson VKh, Lin’kova NS, Dudkov AV, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoi IM. Peptidergic regulation of expression of genes encoding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012 Mar;152(5):615-8. English, Russian. doi: 10.1007/s10517-012-1590-2. PMID: 22803148.
5. Khavinson, V., Linkova, N., Dyatlova, A., Kuznik, B., & Umnov, R. (2020). Peptides: Prospects for Use in the Treatment of COVID-19. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(19), 4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194389

Potential Functions of Cardiogen

Cardiogen Peptide and Cancer Cells

A study on mice with M-1 sarcoma found that after Cardiogen exposure, tumor cells appeared to exhibit higher levels of Apoptosis or programed cell death.^[1] During this process, old cells or cells that have the potential to turn cancerous are eliminated. The presence of hemorrhagic necrosis and activation of tumor cell apoptosis may have induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of M-1 sarcoma growth after Cardiogen peptide exposure.^[2] The measurements of proliferative activities suggest that the inhibition of tumor growth was not caused by the peptide’s cytostatic potential on the tumor. It is worth noting that the impact appeared concentration-dependent, indicating that the biological product may be absolute.

Cardiogen appears to induce apoptosis in tumor cells and may play a subtle role in tumor selection due to their increased and unusual vascular supply, placing Cardiogen at the forefront of certain cancer research studies.

Cardiogen Peptide and the Heart

Cardiogen has been suggested to stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation while inhibiting fibroblast growth and development in the heart, resulting in less scar formation and potentially better long-term cardiac remodeling outcomes after heart failure. Furthermore, Cardiogen may reduce p53 protein expression, lowering apoptosis rates.

Cardiogen Peptide and the Prostate

Cardiogen, in conjunction with peptides with similar functions, has been suggested in micropropagation studies to modulate the expression of signaling factors in prostate fibroblasts.^[3] Signaling factors are factors that promote the development and progression of prostate cancer. These levels are considered to be critical in establishing a favorable microenvironment within tumors, which mat contribute to the development and progression of prostate cancer. According to research, signaling factors may be regulated in senescent and aging fibroblasts.^[4] Research suggests that Cardiogen may stabilize signaling molecule levels to match or improve what is in young cultures.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing. Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law. All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

References

1. Rello-Varona S, Herrero-Martín D, Lagares-Tena L, López-Alemany R, Mulet-Margalef N, Huertas-Martínez J, Garcia-Monclús S, García Del Muro X, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Tirado OM. The importance of being dead: cell death mechanisms assessment in anti-sarcoma therapy. Front Oncol. 2015 Apr 7;5:82. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00082. PMID: 25905041; PMCID: PMC4387920.
2. Levdik NV, Knyazkin IV. Tumor-modifying effect of cardiogen peptide on M-1 sarcoma in senescent rats. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2009 Sep;148(3):433-6. English, Russian. doi: 10.1007/s10517-010-0730-9. PMID: 20396706.
3. Di Donato M, Giovannelli P, Barone MV, Auricchio F, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. A Small Peptide Targeting the Ligand-Induced Androgen Receptor/Filamin a Interaction Inhibits the Invasive Phenotype of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cells. 2021 Dec 22;11(1):14. doi: 10.3390/cells11010014. PMID: 35011576; PMCID: PMC8750472.
4. Roger L, Tomas F, Gire V. Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 6;22(23):13173. doi: 10.3390/ijms222313173. PMID: 34884978; PMCID: PMC8658264.
5. Chalisova NI, Lesniak VV, Balykina NA, Urt’eva SA, Urt’eva TA, Sukhonos IuA, Zhekalov AN. [The effect of the amino acids and cardiogen on the development of myocard tissue culture from young and old rats]. Adv Gerontol. 2009;22(3):409-13. Russian. PMID: 20210190.

PNC-27 consists of an HDM-2 binding domain similar to p53 residues 12-26 and a transmembrane-penetrating portion. PNC-27 peptide has been suggested by researchers to bind to and kills cancerous cells via membrane lysis, or the breakdown of the cell membrane, according to study findings.

PNC-27 Peptide Overview

Dr. Ehsan Sarafraz-Yazdi and other researchers have suggested that PNC-27 may impact cancer cells, in a 2010 research article published by the American Association for Cancer.

According to the study’s authors, the mechanism of action of PNC-27 appears to result from oligomeric pores developing in the plasma membrane of tumor cells. Untransformed or non-tumor cells do not appear to form oligomeric pores. PNC-27 perceived selectivity on cancer cells may be caused by MDM2’s mis-localization to cancerous cell plasma membranes.

These hypotheses are believed by scientists to describe the distinct localization of MDM2 variants in cancerous cell plasma membranes.

PNC-27 Peptide Action

PNC-27 was initially developed for employment in HIV research, but its anti-cancer potential, which included killing cancer cells while leaving normal cells alone, emerged and thus changed its initial research focus.

The PNC-27 peptide does not appear to impact cells other than cancerous cells. PNC-27 has been suggested to bind to individual cancer cell membranes, causing holes to form. Due to the difference in osmotic pressure between the inside and outside of the tumor cells, the holes may cause a rapid implosion, resulting in immediate cell death.

HDM-2 is considered to be found in the cell membranes of cancer cells. When PNC-27 is introduced, the peptide may immediately move to bind to the HDM-2 peptide in the plasma membrane of cancerous cells. PNC-27 may induce damage by inducing membrane lysis and, thus, cancer cell death by binding to the HDM-2 peptides.

PNC-27 Research Studies

According to PNC-27 research in animal research models, the peptide may reduce pain perception on a short term basis. The animal models developed flu-like consequences during the third week of exposure, indicating that the animal’s immune system may have reacted to the death of cancerous cells.

Bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase appear to levels rise during the sixth week of PNC-27 exposure. Around the tenth week, the tumors may potentially soften and become more pliable, resulting in significant tumor breakdown.

The tumor’s size may grow more extensive in the tenth week. In any case, it may be due to inflammation due to the immune system’s response. Animal research models’ energy levels reportedly increased, and cancer-related symptoms decreased in the third month.

The results of the PNC-27 studies suggested that the peptide may potentially impact the cell membranes of cancerous cells. Furthermore, the noncancerous or non-transformed cells surrounding the cancerous cells appeared to remain unimpacted. Moreover, research results suggest that PNC-27 may influence specific markers in cancerous cell membranes and that PNC-27 may exhibit a longer half-life via this mechanism of action.

Examining PNC-27 in Relation to Cancer Cells

According to research, the peptide may potentially inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth. In different tumor cell lines, including BMRPA—ras transformed rat acinar pancreatic carcinoma cell line, PNC-27 induces necrosis but not apoptosis. Notably, PNC-27 was not suggested to affect noncancerous cells. According to scientific findings, the peptide appeared to induce a complete blockade of tumor growth during the second week of and after exposure, resulting in weak growth of tumor cells that plateaued at small tumor sizes compared to tumor growth in the absence of the peptide. PNC-27 exposure after the appearance of tumor growth at a distant site reportedly resulted in a decrease in tumor size followed by a slow increase in tumor growth.

According to studies, PNC-27 may potentially induce tumor cell necrosis in a poorly developed non-solid leukemia cell line based on HDM-2 expression in the cells’ plasma membrane. PNC-27 peptide may kill solid tumor cells by binding to HDM-2 proteins within their cell membranes, bypassing the p53 pathway. PNC-27 peptide might also induce necrosis via membrane lysis in solid tissue tumor cells by binding to HDM-2, independent of the p53 pathway.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing.  Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law.  All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

References

1. Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Bowne WB, Adler V, Sookraj KA, Wu V, Shteyler V, Patel H, Oxbury W, Brandt-Rauf P, Zenilman ME, Michl J, Pincus MR. Anticancer peptide PNC-27 adopts an HDM-2-binding conformation and kills cancer cells by binding to HDM-2 in their membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2;107(5):1918-23. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909364107. Epub 2010 Jan 11. PMID: 20080680; PMCID: PMC2836618.
2. Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Mumin S, Cheung D, Fridman D, Lin B, Wong L, Rosal R, Rudolph R, Frenkel M, Thadi A, Morano WF, Bowne WB, Pincus MR, Michl J. PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis. Biomedicines. 2022 Apr 20;10(5):945. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10050945. PMID: 35625682; PMCID: PMC9138867.
3. Davitt K, Babcock BD, Fenelus M, Poon CK, Sarkar A, Trivigno V, Zolkind PA, Matthew SM, Grin’kina N, Orynbayeva Z, Shaikh MF, Adler V, Michl J, Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Pincus MR, Bowne WB. The anti-cancer peptide, PNC-27, induces tumor cell necrosis of a poorly differentiated non-solid tissue human leukemia cell line that depends on expression of HDM-2 in the plasma membrane of these cells. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2014 Summer;44(3):241-8. PMID: 25117093.
4. Alagkiozidis I, Gorelick C, Shah T, Chen YA, Gupta V, Stefanov D, Amarnani A, Lee YC, Abulafia O, Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Michl J. Synergy between Paclitaxel and Anti-Cancer Peptide PNC-27 in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2017 May;47(3):271-281. PMID: 28667027.
5. Thadi A, Lewis L, Goldstein E, Aggarwal A, Khalili M, Steele L, Polyak B, Seydafkan S, Bluth MH, Ward KA, Styler M, Campbell PM, Pincus MR, Bowne WB. Targeting Membrane HDM-2 by PNC-27 Induces Necrosis in Leukemia Cells But Not in Normal Hematopoietic Cells. Anticancer Res. 2020 Sep;40(9):4857-4867. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.14488. PMID: 32878773.

Testosterone Secretion

Kisspeptin-10 peptide may affect and influence testosterone levels by modulating FSH and LH levels in the circulatory system, which is sex-specific. Kisspeptin-10 might increase testosterone levels in male species but has no perceived effect on testosterone levels in female species.

Kisspeptin-10 peptide analogs may influence the pulse frequency of LH in males, implying that Kisspeptin-10 might possibly fine-tune the regular pulsatile release of sex hormones.

Studies examining Kisspeptin-10 in male organisms suggest a concentration-dependent and rapid increase in serum LH and testosterone levels. Kisspeptin-10 may accomplish this by increasing the pulsatile release of LH. High concentrations of Kisspeptin-10 peptide may cause rapid pulsation, resulting in continuous LH release.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus appear to synthesize and release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The first hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormonal release may influence the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). The primary hormone for reproductive development and the control of gamete maturation in the genitals is considered to be GnRH.

Kisspeptin-10 Peptide and Energy

Kisspeptin-10 peptide neurons may be energy status sensitive: undernutrition and overnutrition may inhibit Kisspeptin-10 neurons’ ability to induce GnRH release.^[3] Infertility may occur in males and females alike under extreme energy balance conditions, mediated by the Kisspeptin-10 peptide. As a result, Kisspeptin-10 peptide synthesis and release may be energy balance sensitive. However, the findings suggest that Kisspeptin-10 may be the sole regulator of energy balance.

Studies in mice samples depleted of the Kisspeptin-10 receptor (Kiss1r) via genetic manipulation suggest an increase in adiposity and a decrease in energy expenditure. Studies suggest that Kisspeptin-10 receptors exist in adipose (fat) and brown adipose tissues. Kisspeptin-10 peptide may also help to explain the neurochemical modulation that results in energy-modulating behavior concerning reproduction.

Kisspeptin-10 Peptide and Mood

A study examining Kisspeptin suggested that the peptide may have increased limbic brain activity.^[4] There was a reported increase in drive, reward-seeking behavior, and overall improved mood. Kisspeptin-10 peptide appeared to accomplish this by integrating the emotional brain and the sexual process through the overall reproduction process.

Kisspeptin-10 Peptide and the Heart

Kisspeptin-10 peptide and its receptors are considered to be found in numerous locations throughout the kidney and may play an essential role in stimulating kidney functions, according to the findings. Animal studies in mice lacking the Kiss1 receptor suggest that the peptide may be critical for maintaining glomerular development during development, though whether this action is direct or indirect is unknown.

Although the function of Kisspeptin-10 peptide in the kidney is unknown, the peptide may influence vascular development and injury responses. Kisspeptin-10 studies in mice with cardiovascular disease suggest that the peptide may act in the vascular beds, controlling vasoconstriction.

The potential of Kisspeptin-10 peptide on angiogenesis and vascular function may significantly impact the kidney and cardiovascular system.

Kisspeptin-10 Peptide and Memory

Research studies in mice suggest that Kisspeptin analogs may reverse the navigational and learning impairment caused by ethanol intoxication. Kisspeptin-10 peptide and its analogs may potentially play a role in neurons encoding information and compensating for learning defects in certain genetic and chronic disease conditions.

Kisspeptin-10 Peptide and Cancer

Kisspeptin-10 peptide was discovered about 20 years ago and suggested to suppress melanoma metastasis by approximately 95%, indicating that the peptide may have an effect to reduce cancer cell spread. The evaluation of various metastatic cancers suggests that Kisspeptin-10 levels may decrease in the bladder, GI, breast, pancreatic, ovarian, thyroid, skin, and prostate, suggesting that the peptide may exert some role in cancer spread.

In 2020, an experiment on Kisspeptin-10 peptide levels under daylight exposure established a potential link between melatonin, kisspeptin-10, and cancer.^[5] Findings in mice models exposed to daylight supported findings of high levels of Kisspeptin and low melatonin levels, and vice versa in the dark. In daylight mice, there was no appearance of increase in tumor growth rates, metastasis, or volume. Kisspeptin-10 and melatonin may be implicated in tumor suppression as one appears to influence the actions of the other, though the precise relationship is unknown.

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References

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