What is Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)?

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) belongs to a class of peptides called the neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are short sequence peptide chains produced by neurons that play a role as chemical messengers in various biochemical pathways.

The Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide is a potent vasodilator. It is also a neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter. It mainly functions in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Here, it modulates the smooth muscle activity mainly by relaxation and regulates epithelial cell secretion and blood flow to the GIT. It interacts with other gut chemicals to optimize gut function.
Researchers think it acts in a paracrine manner, being released from nerve terminals and acting locally on the receptors specific to it.

The VIP receptor belongs to the class of G-protein coupled receptors.

Protective Action of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Against Colitis

The intestinal epithelial wall is constantly exposed to extremely harsh conditions due to the passage of partially digested food, bile, and other acids. Maintaining the ace of the intestinal epithelial wall’s integrity is essential in protecting the small bowel from various immune-modulated inflammatory disorders- the most prominent is the inflammatory bowel disease or IBD (also known as colitis). Extensive research has shown that the enteric nervous system (ENS)- which also includes the fibers of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-secreting nerves running through the lamina propria of the small intestine- plays an important and poorly understood role in the protection of the intestinal epithelium.

Research suggests that the disruption of the ENS during the pathogenesis of IBD plays a contributory role in the manifestation of the overt symptoms of IBD, including abdominal cramping and runny stool.
Several notable studies have pointed out a strong association between the significant decrease in the expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and VPA1C, its receptor, and IBD. This process concludes that VIP plays a vital protective role against inflammatory bowel disorders like IBD by maintaining the integrity and homeostasis of the intestinal epithelial wall.

Improvement of Bile Acid Secretion by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

Studies suggest that Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide causes an increase in the bile acid secretion by the liver by enhancing the flow of bile and bile salt production. In studies conducted on duct-ligated rats, researchers noticed that the administration of exogenous VIP produced a significant increase in bile pH, the bicarbonate concentration, and overall bile output in a dose-dependent manner.

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide causes a significant stimulation of the cholangiocytes in the liver. This cause an increase in fluid and bicarbonate secretion via a potent cAMP-independent pathway.

The enhancement of bile secretion and output has been proven by a study conducted on 11 patients. Results showed that the exogenous administration of VIP in these patients resulted in a massive increase in bile volume of up to 60%.

Mechanism Involved in Improved Bile Secretion by VIP

Being a potent vasodilator, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide exerts a somewhat similar effect on the pancreatic vascular beds. Vasodilating the vessels that supply the pancreatic bed improves the pancreatic secretory activity and contributes to an enhanced bile secretion.

Therefore, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide plays a hemodynamic role via its potency as a vasodilator and plays a protective and secretory role in the gut.

Improved Goblet Cell Growth by VIP

Goblet cells are a specialized type of mucosal cells present in the intestinal epithelium that are the prime sites for mucosal absorption and digestion. Goblet cells are extensively present in large airways and the intestinal and colonic epithelium. In all these sites, it primarily functions to secrete mucously. Goblet cells produce the macro glycoprotein called mucin, which is the main component of mucous.

In the gut, goblet cells secrete a thick mucous coating that maintains intestinal epithelial homeostasis upon stimulation either by exocytosis or acetylcholine. Therefore, goblet cells have a somewhat protective function. It has been studied that goblet cells serve as antigen importers and regulate the innate immune system.

Research on the Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide has shown that the exogenous administration of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide resulted in a significant increase in the ileal concentrations of goblet cells in mice models hence aiding in the protection of the gut.

Gallbladder Relaxation via Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

Immunohistochemistry analysis of the gallbladder revealed the presence of VIP-secreting nerve fibers in its wall. The control of gallbladder contraction and relaxation is somewhat neurohumoral. It has been studied that Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide secretion results in a relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi that permits and improves bile outflow.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not for human or animal consumption. All the information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

What Is Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)?

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide or NAD+ is a coenzyme found central to almost all types of anabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions. It is present in all living cells and was first discovered by Sir Arthur Harden in a boiled yeast extract. The structure of NAD+, as indicated by its name, consists of two covalently bonded mononucleotides, one of which consists of Adenine nucleobase and the other consists of Nicotinamide.

How Does NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) Work?

It is a well-known fact of science and chemistry, mainly that electrons are a source of energy. Their transport, loss, or gain is a source of energy. This energy helps drive all processes of life.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is the main shuttle bus that brings about the transfer of electrons between molecules and cells inside living organisms. It participates in all the vital energy-producing chemical reactions in the body. Without sufficient levels of NAD+, the body will go into an energy deficit state and will not be able to carry out the life processes.

In addition to energy production, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide regulates the circadian and sleep/wake cycle.

Changes In Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Concentrations With Age

The aging process results from a gradual decline in Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide levels, indicating that low levels of NAD+ may contribute to some age-related diseases and an overall decline in the body.

Research suggests that DNA damage, one of the hallmarks of aging, activates a family of enzymes called PARPs. The PARPs repair the damaged DNA by using NAD+. With more damaged DNA during aging, the PARPs will consume more Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide resulting in a decline in its concentration.
Research also suggests that immune system activity increases with aging via the activation of different enzymes. Since these enzymes use Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in some ways, immune system overactivity can reduce NAD+ levels in the body.

Sirtuins are another class of proteins associated with healthy aging by bringing about the genetic repair of chromosomes. These sirtuins also use NAD+ and hence, reduce their concentrations with aging.

Uses Of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide According To Research

Extensive investigations have been done on the potential uses and benefits of NAD+. According to these studies, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide can be helpful in the following conditions:

• Improvement of cardiovascular functions
• Protection of the nervous system
• Improvement of muscle activity and health
• Anti-aging properties
• Protection against metabolic disorders

There is now enough proof to demonstrate that the decrease in the levels of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in the body is associated with various disorders, mainly being a hallmark of aging. Since the boosting of NAD+ levels in the body has been linked with protection against various metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, researchers can deduce that exogenous administration of it can play an anti-aging role.

Its anti-aging effect is so potent that laboratory animals’ replenished Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide levels have improved their lifespan.

NAD+ and Muscle Development
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a critical player in regulating muscle activity and its growth and sustainability. Several studies on muscle tissue from mice have indicated that high levels of NAD+ in the muscle tissue are associated with improved muscle health and development. On the contrary, decreasing NAD+ has harmful effects on skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and aging.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide improves muscle health and activity by the upregulation of mitochondria in the muscle cells. Since mitochondria are the powerhouse driving all the energy-requiring processes in the muscle cells, improving its function improves muscle health.

NAD+ and Metabolism
The recent spike in the prevalence of metabolic disorders worldwide makes it a concerning issue for the medical community. Obesity alone, which has recently been declared an epidemic by the WHO, kills roughly 1.6 million people worldwide, and it is just one of the many metabolic disorders.
Aging and high-fat diet intake predispose individuals to various metabolic disorders. It is also closely associated with reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide levels. Studies have proven that NAD+ administration can change healthy weight and exercise capability. In some mice, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide administration has even improved insulin sensitivity and the prognosis of diabetes.

NAD+ and the Heart
The elastic degeneration of the walls of arteries is one of the most common pathologies associated with cardiac dysfunction.
Research on mice has proven that boosting NAD+ levels improve cardiac functioning. By maintaining the levels of NAD+ at the baseline, we can reduce the risk of heart enlargement and ischemic death and injury significantly.
To conclude, it has potent effects on all major body systems. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide could be the key to anti-aging and longevity that we have been looking for.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not for human or animal consumption. All the information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

What Is Adipotide (FTPP)?

Adipotide, previously known as Prohibitin-TP01, is a synthetically made proapoptotic peptide that performs a unique function. It targets and kills all types of fat cells. It reduces the number of fat cells by reducing the blood supply to these adipocytes. Adipotide targets proteins present on the walls of the blood vessels supplying the adipocytes. This process helps interfere with and disrupt the blood supply to fat cells. It ultimately results in the fat cells getting reabsorbed and metabolized.

Research has shown that Adipotide FTPP targets only the blood vessels supplying the fat cells while sparing all the other blood vessels supplying the various organs and tissues in the body.

Research conducted on monkeys has shown that not only does adipotide aid in weight loss, but it also has some effect on insulin sensitivity. It can play a role in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Role Of Adipotide (FTPP) In Weight Loss

In 2011, research began on adipotide to see whether it has a profound effect on weight loss or not. Phase 1 clinical trials on the Rhesus monkey showed that the administration of adipotide resulted in a targeted and highly selective apoptosis of the blood vessels supplying the adipocytes of white fat. This process resulted in the ischemic death of the affected adipocytes. The loss of these fat cells caused a significant weight loss. This weight loss was linked with a decreased body mass index or BMI. It resulted in improved insulin sensitivity.

Researchers also observed an interesting side effect. Treatment with adipotide reduced weight by fat loss and reduced the overall food consumption in the test animals. That is, adipotide also helps reduce appetite and results in weight loss.

The selectivity of adipotide in targeting the vasculature of only fat cells is due to the presence of a protein receptor called Prohibitin. Prohibitin is only present in the vasculature of fat and cancer cells. Adipotide interacts with this particular protein to bring about the apoptosis of white adipocytes.

Adipotide (FTPP) And Cancer Research

The sustenance of cancer cells depends on their vast blood supply. One of the approaches that can be used in anti-cancer treatments is to target the blood supply of cancer cells. Disrupting the blood supply might aid in eventually killing these cancer cells. The protein receptor prohibitin is present on the walls of the blood vessels supplying cancer cells. Since adipotide is associated with Prohibitin to bring about apoptosis, there is a chance that it can target cancer cells and lead to their death by ischemia.
Since Prohibitin is only very selectively present in cancer and fat cells, adipotide in anti-cancer treatment can produce positive results. Advanced studies show that adipotide kills only the cancer cells while protecting the surrounding cells and tissues.

Improved Glucose Tolerance Via Adipotide (FTPP)

The term glucose tolerance generally refers to the body’s response to glucose levels higher than usual. A test called OGTT or the oral glucose tolerance test measures this response. A set amount of considerably high glucose is administered in this test, and the blood glucose levels are measured. If the result is higher than average, it becomes a significant finding. This test is somewhat diagnostic of diabetes, and if the result is significantly higher than average, the person has a great tendency to become diabetic.

A balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle are the changes that can help treat diabetes. This lifestyle can eliminate the risk of the development of overt diabetes, but these methods usually require lots of willpower and dedication. That is why most people develop the disease despite knowing the risk well before time. They eventually end up on anti-diabetic drugs.
The use of adipotide brings about a significant weight loss by burning white adipocytes. While this effect brings about a change in body mass index, this is not its only result. Research suggests that white fat loss is directly associated with improved insulin sensitivity. In a nutshell, adipotide causes a decline in the number of fatty cells and leads to fat loss. It also enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces the risk of diabetes.

Future Prospects Of Adipotide (FTPP) Use

While the primary interests of adipotide research are weight loss and anti-diabetes treatment, the prospects of adipotide use in various other fields are very bright. Its anti-angiogenic properties show promise in cancer treatments with minimal side effects. This product can be a milestone in cancer treatment that is currently riddled with toxicity and side effects.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not for human or animal consumption. All the information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

What Is GLP-1?

Semaglutide or GLP-1 is a naturally occurring peptide known to lower blood sugar levels by modulating insulin production and release.

It is a 30-31 amino acid sequence short peptide. GLP-1 has been proven to affect metabolism and other body systems. These systems include the brain and the heart.

The primary function of Semaglutide (GLP-1) is to regulate blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin secretion. Semaglutide has been investigated for its anti-diabetic properties because it can protect the beta cells of the pancreas from burnout.

GLP-1 upregulates the transcription of the insulin genes and therefore prevents a pathological rise in blood sugar levels by protecting insulin stores.

Although the primary research surrounding Semaglutide is based on its anti-diabetic properties, newer studies are reviewing its role in other dimensions.

Semaglutide or GLP-1 has been linked with neurotrophic effects in the brain and central nervous system. GLP-1 significantly decreases appetite in the GI system by delaying gastric emptying and reducing intestinal motility. Preliminary research has shown the impacts of GLP-1 on the heart, fat, muscles, bones, liver, lungs, and kidneys. The main focus of GLP-1 research has been diabetes treatment/prevention and appetite inhibition, and subsequent investigations focus on the possible cardiovascular advantages of the peptide. More prevalent and thus less robust, research focuses on the ability of GLP-1 to stave off neurodegenerative disease. Though this latter area of research is the most recent, it is also the quick-growing domain of GLP-1 investigations now that the peptide has been proved to slow or prevent the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques in the setting of Alzheimer’s disease.

Blood Sugar Regulation By GLP-1 – The Incretin Effect

One of the most important ways Semaglutide causes a drop in blood sugar levels is by the “incretin effect.” Incretins are hormones released by the gastrointestinal tract. These hormones are secreted in response to high glucose levels in the blood and act to bring down its levels.

The two most important regulators for incretin release are GLP-1. Even though the circulatory levels of the other regulator, i.e., GIP, are higher than that of GLP-1, Semaglutide still is more potent out of the two, particularly in conditions of very high blood sugar levels. Dr. Holst has studied this effect and the link between GLP-1 and incretin and its potency in rodent models.

A GLP-1 receptor has been seen on the surface of pancreatic beta cells, revealing that GLP-1 enhances the exocytosis of insulin from the pancreas. When mixed with sulfonylurea drugs, GLP-1 boosts insulin secretion. It is enough to cause mild hypoglycemia in up to 40% of subjects. Moreover, increased insulin secretion is associated with several trophic results, such as better protein synthesis, a decrease in the breakdown of protein, and enhanced uptake of amino acids by skeletal muscle.

GLP-1 And The Brain

Secondary research on GLP-1 says it might have a neuroprotective role in the CNS and the brain. Administration of Semaglutide can improve cognitive function and protect against certain neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. This effect was observed when the use of Semaglutide in mice with specific genetic defects caused an improvement in their learning deficit as well as enhanced their associative and spatial learning.

GLP-1 and its analogs have been shown to reduce amyloid-beta deposition in the brain and the beta-amyloid precursor protein found in the neurons. Since the deposition of these beta-amyloid plaques in brain tissue is the primary pathology resulting in Alzheimer’s disease, Semaglutide can play a specific role in protecting the brain from this disease.

Appetite Suppression By Semaglutide

Investigations in mice models reveal that administration of GLP-1, and its similar cousin GLP-1, into the brains of lab animals can reduce the drive to eat and inhibit food intake. GLP-1 may enhance feelings of satiety, helping individuals feel fuller and indirectly reducing hunger. Recent clinical trials have shown in mice that twice-daily administration of GLP-1 receptor agonists causes gradual linear weight loss. Over an extended period, this weight loss is associated with significant improvement in cardiovascular risk factors and reduced hemoglobin A1C levels. The latter is a proxy marker for the severity of diabetes, and the quality of blood sugar control attained via treatment. The effects of this peptide on insulin regulation and appetite suppression can lead to significant weight loss.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not for human or animal consumption. All the information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

For many years, peptides have been used to treat medical conditions like diabetes and various skin conditions. Earlier, peptides were made by replicating a naturally occurring peptide that the body lacked. These synthetic peptides were then introduced into the system to produce their particular effects.

The goal has now shifted towards creating derivatives of the natural peptides, which can be altered in different ways to fit into the already existing metabolic pathways and bring about changes.

While formulating peptides for weight loss, the goal has been to look for a peptide that will not alter the body mass but will only help burn the excess fat. This new approach has resulted in the formulation of the below-discussed peptides that have revolutionized weight loss for people.

How Can Peptides Help With Weight Loss?

Utilizing peptides for losing weight is a paradigm change in the industry. Past weight loss medicines generally focused on ramping up metabolism at a systems level, increasing the body’s utilization of calories. This broad approach does not distinguish between calories from fat and calories from different tissues, including muscle. It stimulates weight loss, but often not the targeted fat burning that people desire
Targeted burning of fat is just one of the benefits of peptides.

Peptides interact with the body’s natural chemistry to alter how calories are used and stored. This process can help drive calorie use away from fat storage and muscle and bone building. This process also results in a two-factor approach to “losing weight” that enhances metabolism in adipose tissue while shunting calories toward more active bone and muscle building.

The selection of peptides in this article has undergone extensive research investigating their weight loss properties. The FDA currently approves some for specific indications while others undergo medical investigations. What should be considered is how many peptides fall into this category and the fact that they usually have different secondary effects that may make them suited for specific indications.

Fragment 176-191 (Growth Hormone Analogue)

Fragment 176-191 peptide is a tiny segment of human growth hormone (HGH) and is usually referred to as the “lipolytic fragment.” The title was coined due to research on animal systems proving that Fragment 176-191 betters fat metabolism in genetically engineered obese lab subjects.

Human growth hormone (HGH) therapy has several adverse effects on the body, such as suppressing carbohydrate metabolism, altered sensitivity towards insulin, promoting long bone growth, and enhanced insulin-like growth factor-1(GF-1) levels. Intense animal studies have proven that the artificial fragment betters the lipolytic results of hGH sans, generating the same adverse effects. Consequently, the peptide can be used for anti-obesity treatments.

AOD 9604 (Growth Hormone Analogue) Can Be Used For Weight Loss

AOD 9604 is a modified peptide initially created for the therapy of obesity. It changes the peptide fragment 176-191 of human growth hormone (HGH). Moreover, the mode of action of AOD 9604 is restricted to promoting lipolysis in the body, making it a popular choice for treating obesity. The peptide does not affect levels of insulin or IGF1 in the body. Therefore, using AOD 9604 does not trigger a clinical risk of developing diabetes or intolerance toward glucose.

Further, being structurally similar to HGH, it does not induce immunogenic reactions and is immunologically safe. Research from Australia shows that AOD 9604 increases weight loss 3-fold compared to placebo. It affects beta-3-adrenergic receptors on white fat to boost fat breakdown and might indirectly activate apoptosis (programmed cell death) in fat white cells. AOD1604 is one of the most efficient peptides for weight loss yet developed, with studies showing as much as a 50% reduction in weight gain over just three weeks of administration.

Semaglutide (GLP-1 Agonist)

Semaglutide (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 1 are short, naturally occurring peptides. The hormone is only 3031 amino acids in length. Its primary physiological function is to lower blood sugar levels by naturally increasing insulin secretion. It also protects beta-cell insulin stores by promoting transcription of insulin genes and is associated with neurotrophic effects in the central nervous system and the brain. The GI system has shown that Semaglutide significantly reduces appetite by slowing gastric emptying and bowel motility. Preliminary studies have also demonstrated the effects of Semaglutide on the heart, fat, muscles, bones, liver, lungs, lungs, kidneys, and weight loss.

Growth Hormone Secretagogues

GH secretagogues are peptides or nonpeptidic agents that release HGH from the pituitary. High GH levels lead to increased fat burning and enhanced muscle and bone growth. HGH levels also alter appetite and have been shown to increase rates of wound healing, cardiovascular fitness, bone strength, and more. These include the following essential peptides.

● Sermorelin
● CJCC-1295
● GHRP-2
● GHRP-6
● Hexarelin
● Ipamorelin

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not for human or animal consumption. All the information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.

What Is SNAP-8 Peptide?

SNAP-8 peptide is a synthetic mimic of the N-terminal of the SNAP-25. This extended amino acid strand is an octapeptide. It competes with the SNAP-25 for its attachment to the SNARE complex and therefore causes a change in its configuration.

This change in configuration leads to the destabilization of the SNARE complex. The destabilization makes the SNARE complex unable to release the neurotransmitters involved in the muscle contractions.

How Does SNAP-8 Peptide Work?

Most peptides for skin are cell-communicating agents. However, the SNAP-8 is a neuropeptide that inhibits cell communication.

When you are younger, the body produces lots of neuropeptides, but as you age, the neuropeptides lower. A decrease in neuropeptides signifies that fine lines and wrinkles are more likely to show, especially around your eyes and forehead.

The collagen fibers also play a vital role in the skin’s structural elements. The collagen fibers give the skin structure, firmness, and elasticity. Nonetheless, when we get older, we lose some of the required collagen fibers, which determines the skin to lose its firmness and develop texture.

SNAP-8 peptide functions by sending messages to your neurotransmitter and limiting the mobility of your facial muscles. Destabilizing the SNARE complex, SNAP-8 enables vesicle fusion in your cells, blocking the nerve signals that cause your facial muscles to contract.

The result of SNAP-8 peptide is that your muscles relax more, which helps prevent the formation of deep lines and wrinkles.

Benefits Of SNAP-8 Peptide

There are many advantages of using SNAP-8 peptide instead of other products, especially botox. SNAP-8 works similarly to botox, but it doesn’t involve injections to avoid wrinkles.

One advantage of SNAP-8 is that it is safer than botox and not as intrusive. SNAP-8 peptide does not use toxins and can be applied in the comfort of your own home. At the same time, botox requires seeing a plastic surgeon and an injection. SNAP-8 peptide is safer and healthier for the skin compared to botox, but it is also believed to be healthier than other leading services available on the market.

Another advantage of SNAP-8 peptide is that it is cheaper than similar products. It is an available product that you can pick up from many cosmetic retailers and apply at home. SNAP-8 is available as a cream or powder and can generally be purchased for no more than $30.

In contrast to other anti-aging and anti-wrinkling creams, SNAP-8 peptide is known to be very efficient. An effective anti-aging cream can suit every woman and man’s cupboard. If you’ve already tried several anti-aging products and aren’t satisfied, you must give SNAP-8 a shot.

Another advantage of SNAP-8 peptide is that it can decrease the look of visible fine lines and wrinkles. So, if you’re concerned that you’re too late, the good news is that you are not; everything you have to do is add Snap-8 peptide to your skincare routine now and see the incredible effects.

Some Specific Uses Of SNAP-8 Peptide

SNAP-8 peptide has been called a miracle anti-aging product. This “Botox in a bottle” comes with all the pros of Botox itself, plus the added benefits of being less expensive and entirely non-invasive. SNAP-8 concentrates on improving your face’s overall look by limiting the extremes you can squint, glare, or smile. By relaxing the face, this peptide works wonders on expression lines. The following are some of the tried and tested conditions where SNAP-8 has shown its use:

● Anti-aging
● Anti-wrinkle
● Expression lines
● Crow’s feet

SNAP-8 Peptide Research: Does It Work?

Everyone desires to make sure that their skincare products work for their skin, so the good news is that the studies that have been completed so far show that SNAP-8 peptide does work.

One clinical study showed that SNAP-8 helped reduce wrinkles around the eyes of the participants by 63.13%.

Users should note that different skin types might not be as effective as others with this skin treatment. If you have sensitive skin, you should use SNAP-8 peptide cautiously and discuss using the product with your dermatologist if you’re concerned about using it.

You shouldn’t use SNAP-8 peptide if your skin is broken as it may cause further irritation; instead, wait until your skin is healed.

SNAP-8 vs. Argireline

In clinical studies, SNAP-8 peptide (Acetyl Octapeptide 3) was compared to Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide 8). you can use both twice a day, but Snap-8 proved to be 30% more effective than Argireline. In addition, it reduces the depth of wrinkles better.

Argireline is an excellent alternative to botulinum toxin. It uses the SNARE complex and releases neurotransmitters at the terminal end of snap-25. Targeting the same wrinkle formation is the SNAP-8 peptide.

Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not for human or animal consumption. All the information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.